In this study, the role of input motion characteristics on the amount of residual settlement of shallow foundations relied on liquefiable soil is investigated. First, two-dimensional numerical model is created using finite difference software FLAC-2D, and the UBCSAND constitutive model. After verification of the numerical model with the results of a centrifuge test, behavior of foundation is investigated under different earthquake loadings. To evaluate the effect of the input motion characteristics on foundation settlement, three records from Irpinia 1980, Northridge 1994, and Landers 1992 earthquakes are used. The frequency contents of these records are considerably different. These records are scaled to five levels of PGA (including 0.05 g, 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3 g, 0.45 g) to be used in the analyses...

In developing countries, the main question so stable is why citizens have been excluded from construction plans and which factors have deprived them from their citizen rights?The response to this question is simple and recusant: political economoy of these countries has been planned in a way that this fundamental question is less discussed. Manuel Castle attends truly to the abstruse relationship of urban classes and subject of of power. His concept in this context is an altered concept from Pareto thesis that said '' a position which anybody can't without aggravate another person achive to is the better position.''Therefore, only with true perception of the social organization relationships, understanding and analysis of flow capital, information, inequality, migration, poverty reproduction, social threats , in them material base( cities), is possible . Squatter settlement is the eventual dimension of flows that incentive unstability in urban and region scale. This research deals with the economic and social variables and those special impact among urban poverty and Squatter settlement.

The Current Mechanism of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement is based on Institutional and Ad, hoc International investment Arbitration. The Current Regime of this mechanism has faced with some deficiencies including: Issuance of the inconsistent Awards, Challenging the Governments from international liabilities point of view, Damaging on some fundamental principles of investment international law, High costs, lack of expertise of arbitrators in investment fields, different approaches of the Arbitration courts on Treaty Shopping, Lack of precedent, lack of appeal mechanism and etc. it believes that establishment of an International Investment permanent court with aspiration of the unique Multilateral dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO) can act as more Consistent, Efficient and Effective in settlement of the disputes of investors-States, in comparative of the current system of the international investment arbitration. Moreover, this new system can reduce the afor-said deficiencies and in particular can take step on strengthening the investor-State Dispute Settlement.

Nowadays، various factors such as collapse of tribal structures and systems، deterioration of grasslands، lack of decent educational system for the children، and shortage of healthcare facilities have caused tribal living extremely challenging. To help avert the process، experts have proposed different approaches among which settlement plan rendered as most appropriate. As a whole، nomad’ s settlement fundamentally transforms one of the intrinsic characteristics of nomads that differentiate them from either rural or urban societies for whatever reasons such as political، social or economic development. Talkhab in Ilam province has been a site to tribal settlement plan، which has been conducted by Housing Foundation at to help manage tribal affairs. This article intends to evaluate physical-spatial impacts of the settlement plan in Talkhab as felt by nomads themselves regarding housing، sewage system، pathways and infrastructure and services quality. It also evaluates how the plan affected their livelihood and satisfaction as well as their participation. In order to make the inquiry practical، descriptive-analytic method via field studies including questionnaires، interviews، observations have been used and the results were finally put in SPSS for further statistical analysis. The results suggest that the settled tribe members are generally pleased with the plan including its implementation، allocation، and availability of some services. However، certain issues such as financial support، other infrastructural services (running water، healthcare facilities، sports، religious and commercial facilities)، employment، the plan has fallen short of meeting their expectations. A number of guidelines are suggested based on the findings for better realization of the settlement plan. These include better planning of pathways، piping، sewage system، electricity and water services، user participation. More attention should be focused on sustainable ways of livelihood in settlement plans، more efficient financial support through the banking system for an affordable housing and suitable reimbursement policy.

In towns and cities of Iran until 1940 decades, the impoverished groups were living in neighborhood of riched groups in different districts: But since 1940 decades, at the outset of the civil planning, the traditional local system was dissolved and replaced by a regional model on the basis of a kind of parting classification and neglecting low- income groups. Therefore, these people who could not afford to buy the expensive domiciles in proper districts, first resided at the marginal districts and then moved to suburban areas, generally at the tural centers. The inhabitance of low- income people in the areas that have no interaction with other social classes, like middle- classes, from one side, and the decreasing state control in these places from the other side, led to figuration and concentration of different social abnormalities in these places. This article deals with main agents which have important role development and rise of crimes: low level of people subsistance and decline of state control in untaught settlements. Case study untaught city Pakdasht is one of untaught settlements around metropolitan Tehran.

The institution of "Dispute Settlement Council" is established 011the basis of executive by-law of article 189 of the law of the third economic. social, and cultural development of the Islamic republic of Iran in order to reduce reference of people to courts as well as to develop mass participation in settling local disputes and resolving affairs of non-juridical nature or of a less complication. Investigation of various dimensions of the said executive by-law and more familiarity of the society with it is influential in both institutionizing the council and participation of people. Historical background. analysis of the concept of "Dispute Settlement Council" and foundations of its legitimacy. and expounding strength and weakness of executive by-law of the council from juristic as well as legal viewpoints arc among topics discussed and investigated in the present essay.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Housing or living space should have performance from 2 direction: first: material aspects of the environment with good access, good facilities, optimum temperature, pressure suits, Proper lighting and so on, and the other the spiritual needs of people in terms of accountability, the creation of suitable spaces with lifestyle and culture and social tradition; if these two conditions are combined with each other to the fullest extent, can induce good sense of housing and provide some degree of consent. Different models can be used for evaluating of Satisfaction for residents in different areas of executive projects and services delivered to them from. Based on a classification, measurement satisfaction models of users of services divided to "objective and subjective". Objective models based on the idea that measure the satisfaction of users through indicators that correlated strongly with highly satisfaction. Mental models measured according to satisfaction level of users' needs and act in accordance with the perception of users from consent. These models use directly from the ideas and attitudes of satisfaction and offer their users' interest that is closer to their perception. This study analyze the satisfaction level of rural settlements of Ali Akbar's settlements aliakbar settlement in both objective and subjective models. Methodology This study is based on data obtained from field observations and interviews and completing questionnaires of the sample that the analytical method is discussed. The study population according to the 1390 census town is Ali Akbar settlement, is equal to 5, 600 and the sample size of the sample at 95% confidence level (96/1 = T) is equal to the estimated 388 heads of households according to kocaran formula that the collected information c was analyzed by SPSS software. The reliability and validity study, is 0/247. Result and Discussion The findings of the research (using T and chi-square test) show that there is meaningful relationship between independent variables such as gender, education, marital status with satisfaction of residential units. The results of Spearman correlation analysis shows that the relationship between age, education and marital satisfaction of the residential complex is significant and positive. The results also showed that the rate of satisfaction of residents of Ali Akbar settlement is weak ( 1/8888), and residents have Relative satisfaction of the dimensions of neighborly relations (social) security. Also, lighting and ventilation standards of physical, complex facilities, access and transport, management and maintenance, the aesthetics, and environmental neighborly made discontent of resident (poor) So often satisfaction criteria from residential units is very weak. Conclusion Satisfaction approaches are approaches have been entered in relation to environmental quality issues that in recent decades. In this model, residents evaluate their home environments based on important factors affecting satisfaction of residential environment for people is different because of different personal characteristics and position. The satisfaction of building is one of the issues that confirmed in residential environment that part of the satisfaction of life. As individual characters in the perception of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the quality of residential environment is effective; in this study to evaluate the satisfaction of residents of residential complexes of Ali Akbar settlement, the relationship between individual characteristics as independent variables with the dependent variable satisfaction with residential is evaluated. The following suggestions is provided Health management and providing facilities and services in new settlements and settlements within the aliakbar settlement is very necessary. Key recommendation of the study is to draw the attention of policymakers to the importance of social and sociological variables before implementation of the project, during and after the implementation of projects. Why the lack of attention to these variables can make social damage, psychological and ...